Affirmative action refers to policies and practices designed to mitigate discrimination and expand opportunities for members of historically underrepresented groups, such as people of color and women, particularly in education, employment, and housing. Such policies are intentional responses to systemic inequities that have blocked access to academic institutions, professional opportunities, and the accumulation of financial wealth for many Americans. Furthermore, proponents of affirmative action contend it is necessary to rectify past injustices such as racial slavery, the displacement of Native Americans, coverture laws (laws that gave men legal status over women, including possession of money and property, after marriage), and persistent social inequalities. (Opposing Viewpoints)