The information inside parenthesis (author's last name page number)
Citation:
Boggs, Colleen Glenney. “Public Reading and the Civil War Draft Lottery.” American Periodicals, vol. 26, no. 2, 2016, pp. 149–166. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=shib&db=lih&AN=117364849&site=ehost-live&scope=site.
In-Text Citation:
Historians discovered that the Civil War draft lottery was held in multiple cities across United States (Boggs 149).
1 Author
(Boggs 149).
2 Authors
(Abdo and Bobroff 171).
3 Authors (or more)
(Frutos et al. e0206992).
Government/Organizational Author
(United States, Dept. of Labor 147).
Government/Organizational Author (no page number)
(United States, Dept. of Labor)
(Mayo Clinic).
Webpage (no page number)
With Author - (Davis)
Without Author - ("The Effects of Climate Change")
No Author - Article
("Homily" 97)
Generative AI Tool
(“How does climate”)
Use the Author's name(s) in the text .... (page number).
Citation:
Boggs, Colleen Glenney. “Public Reading and the Civil War Draft Lottery.” American Periodicals, vol. 26, no. 2, 2016, pp. 149–166. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=shib&db=lih&AN=117364849&site=ehost-live&scope=site.
In-Text Citation:
Boggs claims that the Civil War draft lottery was held in major cities and well as rural towns (149).
1 Author
Boggs claims...(149).
2 Authors
Abdo and Bobroff state...(172).
3 Authors (or more)
Similarly, as Belenky et al. assert...(7).
Government/Organizational Author
The United States, Dept. of Labor directs...(147).
Government/Organizational Author (no publication date)
U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission indicates...
Government/Organizational Author (no page number)
According to the Mayo Clinic...
Webpage (Webpage no page number)
The webpage "Climate Change Impact" provides information on...
Webpage (with the author but no page number)
Davis reported that ...
No Author - Article
In "Homily" ...(97).
Avoiding Plagiarism (Paraphrasing and Quotations)
Paraphrasing:
A paraphrase restates another’s idea in your own words. Paraphrasing allows you to keep your voice while summarizing and synthesizing information from one or more sources. Students should paraphrase their sources most of the time, rather than directly quoting the sources.
Examples
Historians discovered that the Civil War draft lottery was held in multiple cities across the United States (Boggs 149).
Boggs claims that the Civil War draft lottery was held in major cities and well as rural towns (149).
Quotation:
A direct quotation uses the exact words from another work. You would use a direct quote when the content is particularly compelling, it's important to your thesis, or the phrasing/language is important to the context of your paper. It is best to paraphrase sources rather than directly quoting them because paraphrasing allows you to fit material into the context of your paper and writing style.
Example
Effective teams can be difficult to describe because “high performance along one domain does not translate to high performance along another” (Ervin et al. 470).
Example: for a long quotation that runs more than 4 lines - block quote, indented and do not use quotation marks.
Researchers have studied how people talk to themselves:
Inner speech is a paradoxical phenomenon. It is an experience central to many people’s everyday lives, yet it presents considerable challenges to any effort to study it scientifically. Nevertheless, various methodologies and approaches have combined to shed light on the subjective experience of inner speech and its cognitive and neural underpinnings. (Alderson-Day and Fernyhough 957)