Elements: Author. (Year, Month Date). Title. Publication, vol/issue, page number(s).
Note (from APA Online Style Guide):
Examples
One Author
Boggs, C. G. (2016). Public reading and the Civil War draft lottery. American Periodicals, 26(2), 149-166.
Two Authors
Abdo, D., & Bobroff, M. (2018). Cross-disciplinary teaching of Mariama Ba's So Long a Letter. ADFL Bulletin, 45(1), 171-83. https://doi.org/10.1632/adfl.45.1.171
Three to 20 Authors - List All Names
Zhang, Y., Wang, D., Peng, M., Tang, L., Ouyang, J., Xiong, F., Guo, C., Tang, Y., Zhou, Y., Liao, Q., Wu, X., Wang, H., Yu, J., Li, Y., Li, X., Li, G., Zeng, Z., Tan, Y., & Xiong, W. (2021). Single‐cell RNA sequencing in cancer research. Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research, 40(1), Article 81. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13046-021-01874-1
No Author - Article From a Database (Title goes first)
The Mozart effect myth: Listening to music does not help against epilepsy. (2023, March 26). NewsRx Science, 539.
Without Page Number
Alpert-Abrams, H. (2016). Machine reading the primeros libros. Digital Humanities Quarterly, 10(4). https://www.digitalhumanities.org/dhq/vol/10/4/000268/000268.html
with + nonconsecutive pagination
Migone, A., & Howlett, M. (2022). Policy shops, hired guns, and gatekeepers: The organization and distribution of policy analysts in Ontario. Canadian Public Administration, 65(4), 690+.
with article number
Jerrentrup, A., Mueller, T., Glowalla, U., Herder, M., Henrichs, N., Neubauer, A., & Schaefer, J. R. (2018, March 13). Teaching medicine with the help of "Dr. House". PLoS ONE, 13(3), Article e0193972. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193972
Magazine or Newspaper Article from the database (same as for a print article: do not include database info and a URL)
Lyons, D. (2009). Don’t “iTune” us. Newsweek, 153(24), 27.
Newspaper Article on Website
Carey, B. (2019, March 22). Can we get better at forgetting? The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/22/health/memory-forgetting-psychology.html
Article from an Online Magazine
Schulman, M. (2019, September 9). Superfans: A love story. The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/09/16/superfans-a-love-story
Article Written by the Organization - on a Webpage
Mayo Clinic. (2023, June 28). Belly fat in women: Taking-and keeping-it off. Healthy Lifestyle Women’s Health. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/womens-health/in-depth/belly-fat/art-20045809
Article on Blog
Phillips, J. (2024, October 28). Best Recycling Programs Worldwide: What Can We Learn?. Sustainable Living: Environmental Blog. https://www.environmentalconsortium.org/best-recycling-programs-worldwide-what-can-we-learn/
5 main elements: Author. (Year, Month Date). Title. Publication. URL
Examples
Webpage, with Author and Date
Denchak, M. (2022, June 7). Ocean pollution: The dirty facts. Natural Resources Defense Council. https://www.nrdc.org/stories/ocean-pollution-dirty-facts
Website - No Author (Title goes first)
Deaths from cardiac arrests have surged in New York City. (2020, April 13). The Economist. https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2020/04/13/deaths-from-cardiac-arrests-have-surged-in-new-york-city
Webpage, Organization as the Author
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook. (2022, September 8). Registered Nurses. https://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/registered-nurses.htm
National Institute of Mental Health. (2018, July). Anxiety disorders. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders
Florida Department of Education. (2016). Rule 6A-10.081, Florida administrative code, principles of professional conduct for the education profession in Florida. https://www.fldoe.org/teaching/professional-practices/code-of-ethics-principles-of-professio.stml
Webpage, Organization as the Author, no date
United Nations. (n.d.). What is climate change? https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/what-is-climate-change
OER Open Educational Resource, with Retrieval Date
Fagan, J. (2019, March 25). Nursing clinical brain. OER Commons. Retrieved January 7, 2023, from https://oercommons.org/authoring/53029-nursing-clinical-brain/view
5 main elements: Author. (Year). Title. Publication. URL
Examples
Book (hard copy)
Davis, A. Y. (1998). Blues legends and black feminism: Gertrude "Ma" Rainey, Bessie Smith, and Billie Holiday. Pantheon.
E-Book
Christensen, A., & Wolff, T. (Eds.). (2010). American lives: A reader. University of Nebraska Press.
Book with Edition
Jackson, L. M. (2020). The psychology of prejudice: From attitudes to social action (2nd ed.). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000168-000
Book with Editor(s)
Baron, S. A., Lindquist, E. N., & Shevlin, E. F. (Eds.). (2007). Agent of change: Print culture studies after Elizabeth L. Eisenstein. University of Massachusetts Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5vk8sv
Book with Multiple Volumes
Miller, D., Costa, E., Haynes, N., McDonald, T., Nicolescu, R., Sinanan, J., Spyer, J., Venkatraman, S., & Wang, X. (2016). How the world changed social media (1st ed., Vol. 1). UCL Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1g69z35
Book Chapter in an Edited Book (need to include page numbers)
Aron, L., Botella, M., & Lubart, T. (2019). Culinary arts: Talent and their development. In R. F. Subotnik, P. Olszewski-Kubilius, & F. C. Worrell (Eds.), The psychology of high performance: Developing human potential into domain-specific talent (pp. 345–359). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000120-016
Video - App (Netflix, Hulu, Xfinity)
Simon, D., Colesberry, R. F., & Kostroff Noble, N. (Executive Producers). (2002-2008). The wire [TV series]. Blown Deadline Productions; HBO.
Video - YouTube
University of Oxford. (2018, December 6). How do geckos walk on water? [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch=qm1xGfOZJc8
5 main elements: Author. (Year, Month Date). Title. Publication. URL
Examples
Facebook Post
World Wildlife Fund. (2020, July 14). Five things to know on Shark Awareness Day. Facebook. www.facebook.com/worldwildlifefund/videos/745925785979440/
Facebook Page - include retrieval date
Community of Multiculturalism. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved October 14, 2023, from https://www.facebook.com/communityofmulticulturalism/
Instagram Profile
National Geographic [@natfeo]. (n.d.). IGTV [Instagram profile]. Instagram. Retrieved December 14, 2023, from https://www.instagram.com/natgeo/channel/
X (formerly Twitter) Post
CDC [@CDCgov]. (2020, June 11). Scientists do not know if having antibodies to the virus that causes #COVID19 can protect someone from getting infected again [Image attached] [Post]. X. https://x.com/CDCgov/status/1271180413134876672
Podcast
Webster, M., & Abumrad, J. (Hosts). (2020, September 11). Bringing gamma back, again [Audio podcast episode]. In Radiolab. WNYC Studios. https://radiolab.org/podcast/bringing-gamma-back
Blog Post
Ouellette, J. (2019, November 15). Physicists capture first footage of quantum knots unraveling in superfluid. Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/11/study-you-can-tie-a-quantum-knot-in-a-superfluid-but-it-will-soon-untie-itself/
Image from a database (Artstor)
Fusco, P. (1991). USA. San Francisco, California. 1991. Homelessness [Photograph]. Paul Fusco/Magnum Photos.
Image from a Google search
McCurry, S. (1985). Afghan girl [Photograph]. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/national-geographic-magazine-50-years-of-covers/#/ngm-1985-jun-714.jpg
Please confirm with your Professor that using a generative AI tool (ex: ChatGPT) is allowed for your assignment. Some Professors do not allow these tools to be used. If a generative AI tool is allowed, you must cite the information to avoid plagiarism.
APA does not consider information from a generative AI tool to be a personal communication as there’s no person communicating. Instead, APA considers the information from an AI tool to be an “algorithm’s output” and therefore the author is the creator of the AI tool.
For more information, please see:
https://apastyle.apa.org/blog/how-to-cite-chatgpt
Name of creator of generative AI Tool. (Year). Tool name (Month Date version) [Large language model]. General URL of tool
Example:
OpenAI. (2024). ChatGPT (June 16 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat